Infection-acquired versus vaccine-acquired immunity in an SIRWS model

"Vaccines can induce protection against infection, against severe disease, against infectiousness, or a combination of these (Préziosi & Halloran, 2003a, b; Siegrist, 2008, ch. 2). There are multiple ways through which a vaccine may fail to provide sterilising immunity, such as degree of protection and duration of protection (McLean & Blower, 1993, 1995). Vaccines can provide incomplete protection by, for example, reducing one's susceptibility by some degree. Furthermore, the protection provided may wane over time. Importantly the duration of protection acquired through a vaccine may be considerably shorter than that provided through a natural infection, as appears to be the case for pertussis (Broutin, Simondon, Rohani, Guégan, & Grenfell, 2004; Chen & He, 2017; Wendelboe, Van Rie, Salmaso, & Englund, 2005). Moreover, infections following either vaccination or natural infection may occur, and these secondary infections may be less severe or asymptomatic (Klein, Bartlett, Rowhani-Rahbar, Fireman, & Baxter, 2012; Warfel, Zimmerman, & Merkel, 2014; Wendelboe et al., 2005). The vaccine failure mechanism through which a vaccinated individual becomes infected may be difficult to determine."

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